What Is a Bear Market? Definition and How to Invest During One

The words "bear market" strike fear into the hearts of many investors, but these deep market downturns are unavoidable. They also tend to be relatively short, especially compared with the duration of bull markets, when the market is rising in value. Bear markets can even provide good investment opportunities.

» Read more: Bear market vs. bull market

What is a bear market?

A bear market is defined by a prolonged drop in investment prices — generally, a bear market happens when a broad market index falls by 20% or more from its most recent high. The reverse of a bear market is a bull market, characterized by gains of 20% or more.

While 20% is the threshold, bear markets often plummet much deeper than that over a sustained period. Although a bear market may have a few occasional “relief rallies,” the general trend is downward. Small dips, such as when the S&P 500 fell a few points in early Sept. 2024, don't count as bear markets. Bear markets are characterized by investors’ pessimism and low confidence. During a bear market, investors often seem to ignore any good news and keep selling investments, which pushes prices even lower. Eventually, investors begin to find stocks attractively priced and start buying, officially ending the bear market.

There can be bear markets for a market as a whole, such as in the Dow Jones Industrial Average, as well as for individual stocks. When investors are bearish on an individual stock, that sentiment is unlikely to affect the market as a whole. But when a market or index turns bearish, almost all stocks within it begin to decline, even if individually they’re reporting good news and growing earnings.

» Read more: Here’s what you need to know when the market crashes

How long do bear markets last, and what causes them?

A bear market often occurs just before or after the economy moves into a recession, but not always.

Investors carefully watch key economic signals — hiring, wage growth, inflation and interest rates — to judge when the economy is slowing.

When they see a shrinking economy, investors expect corporate profits to decline in the near future. So they sell stocks, pushing the market lower. A bear market can signal more unemployment and tougher economic times ahead.

Bear markets tend to be shorter than bull markets — 363 days on average — versus 1,742 days for bull markets. They also tend to be less statistically severe, with average losses of 33% compared with bull market average gains of 159%, according to data compiled by Invesco.

How to invest during a bear market

1. Make dollar-cost averaging your friend

Say the price of a stock in your portfolio slumps 25%, from $100 a share to $75 a share. If you have money to invest — and want to buy more of this stock — it can be tempting to try to buy when you think the stock’s price has cratered.

Problem is, you’ll likely be wrong. That stock may not have bottomed at $75 a share; rather, it could tumble 50% or more from its high. This is why trying to pick the bottom, or “time” the market, is a risky endeavor.

It may be better to regularly add money to the market with a strategy known as dollar-cost averaging. Dollar-cost averaging is when you continually invest money over time and in roughly equal amounts. This helps smooth out your purchase price over time, ensuring you don’t pour all your money into a stock at its high (while still taking advantage of market dips).

There’s no doubt that bear markets can be scary, but the stock market has proven it will bounce back eventually.

2. Diversify your holdings

Speaking of picking up stocks at lower prices, boosting your portfolio’s diversification — so it includes a mix of different assets — is another valuable strategy, bear market or not.

During bear markets, all the companies in a given stock index, such as the S&P 500, generally fall — but not necessarily by similar amounts. That’s why a well-diversified portfolio is key. If you’re invested in a mix of relative winners and losers, it helps to minimize your portfolio’s overall losses.

If only you could know the winners and losers in advance. Because bear markets typically happen before or during economic recessions, investors often favor assets that deliver a steadier return — irrespective of what’s happening in the economy. This “defensive” strategy might mean adding the following assets to your portfolio:

• Dividend-paying stocks. Even if stock prices aren’t going up, many investors still want to get paid in the form of dividends. That’s why companies that pay higher-than-average dividends will be appealing to investors during bear markets. (Interested in dividends? See our list of high-dividend stocks.)

• Bonds. Bonds also are an attractive investment during shaky periods in the stock market because their prices often move in the opposite direction of stock prices. Bonds are an essential component of any portfolio, but adding additional high-quality, short-term bonds to your portfolio may help ease the pain of a bear market.

» Learn more about another option in a down market: inverse ETFs

3. Invest in sectors that perform well in recessions

What investments do well in bear market? Think about the things consumers will need no matter what – those are the sectors that tend to perform well during market downturns. Even amid high inflation, people still need gas, groceries and health care, so things such as consumer staples and utilities usually weather bear markets better than others.

You can invest in specific sectors through index funds or exchange-traded funds, which track a market benchmark. For example, investing in a consumer staples ETF will give you exposure to companies in that industry, which tends to be more stable during recessions. An index fund or ETF offers more diversification than investing in a single stock because each fund holds shares in many companies.

» Still curious? Learn more about what to invest in during a recession

4. Focus on the long-term

Bear markets test the resolve of all investors. While these periods are difficult to endure, history shows you probably won’t have to wait too long for the market to recover. And if you’re investing for a long-term goal — such as retirement — the bear markets you’ll endure will be overshadowed by bull markets. Money you need for short-term goals, generally those you hope to achieve in less than five years, should not be invested in the stock market.

Still, resisting the temptation to sell investments when markets plummet is difficult, but it’s one of the best things you can do for your portfolio. Some investors may be tempted to try to profit from a downturn via short selling or put options, but these are risky and advanced techniques that aren't right for everyone.

If you have trouble keeping your hands off your investments during a bear market, you can have a robo-advisor or a financial advisor manage your investments for you, in both the good times and the bad.

» Curious about robos? Check out our full roundup of the best robo-advisors

Ultimately, bear markets are a good time to revisit your goals and objectives and remind yourself of why you’re invested where you are. If your asset allocation feels right, stay the course. If it feels off, a bear market could be an opportunity to readjust your accounts while paying less in capital gains than you would during a bull market. 

How can I tell when a bear market is coming?

Bear markets look obvious in retrospect, but hindsight is always 20/20. It’s not easy to determine when stock prices have peaked and you’re entering a bear market or to predict if a relatively mild correction will turn into a full-blown bear.

Still, investors do have some rules of thumb. One of the best ways to determine whether a bear market is pending is to watch interest rates. If the Federal Reserve lowers interest rates in response to a slowing economy, it’s a good clue that a bear market could be on the way. But sometimes a bear market begins even before interest rates are lowered.

Warning signs that a bear market might be coming shouldn’t lead you to change your investment strategy. Long-term investors should not try to predict the market. Instead, ensure that your portfolio is funded with money you won’t need for the next five years, and is both well-diversified and aligned with your risk tolerance. Doing so means you’ll likely ride out the highs and lows of the market better than someone who is trying to time it.

What's the difference between a bear market and a market correction?

Bear markets are the bigger, more ferocious versions of market corrections, which are typically brief, shallow drops in stock prices of between 10% and 20%. Corrections are often relatively short. During the bull market from 2009-2020, the S&P 500 saw six corrections.

Corrections can become bear markets, but more often they don’t. Between 1974 and 2018, there were 22 market corrections, and only four turned into bear markets.

What's the difference between a bear market and a bull market?

The main difference between a bull market and a bear market is that a bear market is when stock prices drop by 20% or more, whereas a bull market is when stock prices rise by 20% or more. During bull markets, investors tend to be optimistic and reward even modestly good news with higher stock prices, fueling an upward spiral.

The bottom line on bear markets

It can be scary to see stock prices fall 20% or more from a recent high — but the one thing investors shouldn't do is panic.

The average bear market lasts less than a year, and investors can mitigate the effects through simple techniques such as dollar-cost averaging, diversification, investing in relatively recession-resistant sectors and focusing on the long-term.