Financial Planning: A Step-by-Step Guide
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What is a financial plan?
A financial plan is a document showing your financial situation, goals, and strategies for achieving those goals. Ongoing financial planning can help you make the most of your money.
A comprehensive financial plan should include details about cash flow, savings, debt, investments, insurance and other financial life elements.
A financial plan isn’t a static document — it's a tool to track your progress and one you should adjust as your life evolves. It's helpful to reevaluate your financial plan after major life milestones, such as getting married, starting a new job, having a child or losing a loved one.
You can make a financial plan yourself or get help from a financial planning professional. Online services like robo-advisors have also made financial planning assistance more affordable and accessible than ever.
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How to make a financial plan in 9 steps
1. Set financial goals
A good financial plan is guided by your financial goals. If you approach your financial planning from the standpoint of what your money can do for you — whether that's buying a house or helping you retire early — you'll make saving feel more intentional.
Make your financial goals inspirational. Ask yourself: What do I want my life to look like in five years? What about in 10 and 20 years? Do I want to own a car or a house? Do I want to be debt-free? Pay off my student loans? Are kids in the picture? How do I imagine my life in retirement?
Having concrete goals can help you identify and complete the next steps and provide a guiding light as you work to make those aims a reality.
» Need help with this step? Learn more about setting financial goals
2. Track your money
Get a sense of your monthly cash flow — what’s coming in and what’s going out. An accurate picture is key to creating a financial plan and can reveal ways to direct more to savings or debt pay-down. Seeing where your money goes can help you develop immediate, medium-term and long-term plans.
For example, developing a budget is a typical immediate plan. NerdWallet recommends the 50/30/20 budget principles: 50% of your take-home pay goes toward needs (housing, utilities, transportation and other recurring payments), 30% goes toward wants (dining out, clothing, entertainment) and 20% goes toward savings and debt repayment.
Reducing credit card or other high-interest debt is a common medium-term plan, and planning for retirement is a typical long-term plan.
» Need help with this step? A step-by-step guide to budgeting
3. Budget for emergencies
The bedrock of any financial plan is putting cash away for emergency expenses. You can start small — $500 is enough to cover small emergencies and repairs so that an unexpected bill doesn’t run up credit card debt. Your next goal could be $1,000, then one month’s basic living expenses, and so on.
Building credit is another way to shockproof your budget. Good credit gives you options when you need them, like the ability to get a decent rate on a car loan. It can also boost your budget by getting you cheaper rates on insurance and letting you skip utility deposits.
» Need help with this step? Use our emergency fund calculator
4. Tackle high-interest debt
A crucial step in any financial plan: Pay down high-interest debt, such as credit card balances, payday loans, title loans and rent-to-own payments. Interest rates on some of these may be so high that you end up repaying two or three times what you borrowed.
If you’re struggling with revolving debt, a debt consolidation loan or debt management plan may help you wrap several expenses into one monthly bill at a lower interest rate.
» Need help with this step? Learn tools and tips for paying off debt
5. Plan for retirement
If you visit a financial advisor, they will be sure to ask: Do you have an employer-sponsored retirement plan such as a 401(k), and does your employer match any part of your contribution? True, 401(k) contributions decrease your take-home pay now, but it’s worth it to consider putting in enough to get the full matching amount. That match is free money.
If you have a 401(k), 403(b) or similar plan, financial advisors also generally suggest that you gradually expand your contributions toward the IRS limit: $23,000 in 2024 and $23,500 in 2025. (In 2024 and 2025, people age 50 or older can contribute an extra $7,500 as a catch-up contribution. In 2025, due to the Secure Act 2.0, those age 60, 61, 62 and 63 get a higher catch-up contribution of $11,250.) .
Another savings vehicle for retirement planning is an IRA, or individual retirement arrangement. These tax-advantaged investment accounts can further build retirement savings. The contribution limit is $7,000 in 2024 and 2025 ($8,000 if age 50 or older).
» Need help with this step? Use our free retirement calculator
6. Optimize your tax planning
For many of us, taxes take center stage during filing season, but careful tax planning means looking beyond the Form 1040 you submit to the IRS each year.
For example, if you're routinely getting a sizable refund, that may be a sign that you're needlessly living on less throughout the year. Learning how and when to review your W-4, the form you fill out for your employer, can help you to take control of your future. Adjust your withholdings on your W-4, and you either can keep more of your paycheck, or pay a smaller tax bill.
Getting cozy with the tax law also means looking into tax credits and deductions ahead of time to understand which tax breaks could make a difference when it comes time to file. The government offers many incentives for taxpayers who have children, invest in green home improvements or technologies, or are even pursuing higher education.
» Need help with this step? See tax planning tips for beginners and learn about the federal brackets and income tax rates
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7. Invest to build your future goals
Investing might sound like something for rich people or for when you’re established in your career and family life. It’s not. Investing can be as simple as putting money in a 401(k) and as easy as opening a brokerage account (many have no minimum to get started). Financial plans use a variety of tools to invest for retirement, a house or college.
» Need help with this step? Learn how to start investing
8. Grow your financial well-being
With each of these steps, you're protecting yourself from financial setbacks. If you can afford it, decide whether you'd like to do more, such as:
Increasing contributions to your retirement accounts.
Padding your emergency fund until you have three to six months of essential living expenses.
Use insurance to protect your financial stability so a car crash or illness doesn’t derail you. Life insurance protects loved ones who depend on your income. Term life insurance, covering 10-year to 30-year periods, is a good fit for most people’s needs.
» Need help with this step? Understand life insurance and how it works
9. Estate planning: Protect your financial well-being
Financial planning also means looking out for your future needs, as well as mapping things out for your loved ones. Creating a will can help ensure your assets are distributed according to your wishes. Other types of estate-planning documents can also provide your relatives with clarity on how you would like to be cared for, and who should manage your affairs.
» Need help with this step? View our estate planning checklist
When to make a financial plan
There's never a bad time to start financial planning, but there are a few life events that are good catalysts for making a financial plan.
Having children: Part of parenthood is figuring out how to achieve a variety of short-term and long-term financial goals, such as paying for childcare and eventually college education. A financial plan can act as a roadmap toward these goals. Plus, recent research from Brigham Young University shows that parent financial literacy has a major effect on children's financial behaviors later in life.
A sudden increase in income or assets: A windfall, new job or major promotion may change your quality of life significantly, and a financial plan can help you avoid lifestyle creep.
Serious illness: Health problems are scary in their own right — and they can also introduce new, ongoing expenses that can make it difficult to stay financially on track. A financial plan can help you feel more confident about your ability to meet financial goals in spite of a serious illness, which may have positive knock-on effects. A 2023 study published in the journal PLOS One found a correlation between lack of financial planning and reduced life expectancy .
Retirement: A financial plan can help you navigate life after you stop working — in particular, it can help you make your savings last longer. A 2015 study published in the CFA Institute's Financial Analysts Journal found that a carefully-planned savings withdrawal strategy can add more than three years to a portfolio's longevity, on average .
How to get financial planning help
If you're not the DIY type or simply want professional help managing some tasks and not others, you don't have to go it alone. Consider what kind of help you need:
Complete financial plan and investment advice
Online financial planning services offer virtual access to human advisors. A basic service would include automated investment management (like you’d get from a robo-advisor), plus the ability to consult with a team of financial advisors when you have other financial questions.
More comprehensive providers basically mirror the level of service offered by traditional financial planners: You're matched with a dedicated human financial advisor who will manage your investments, create a comprehensive financial plan for you, and do regular check-ins to see if you're on track or need to adjust your financial plan.
» Want to work with a local advisor? Learn how to find a financial advisor near you
Specialized guidance and/or want to meet with an advisor face-to-face
If you have a complicated financial situation or need a specialist in estate planning, tax planning or insurance, a traditional financial advisor in your area may fit the bill. To avoid conflicts of interest, consider fee-only financial advisors who are fiduciaries (meaning they've signed an oath to act in the client's best interest).
Note that some traditional financial advisors decline clients who don’t have enough to invest; the definition of “enough” varies, but many advisors require $250,000 or more. If you want to know more about how much seeing an advisor will cost, read our guide to financial advisor fees.
» Need some help? Check out our roundup of the best wealth advisors
Portfolio management only
Robo-advisors offer simplified, low-cost online investment management. Computer algorithms build an investment portfolio based on goals you set, and your answers to questions about your risk tolerance. After that, the service monitors and regularly rebalances your investment mix to ensure you stay on track. Because it's all digital, it comes at a much lower cost than hiring a human portfolio manager.
» Need help investing? See our list of the best robo-advisors
Why is financial planning important?
Financial planning can help you feel more confident about navigating bumps in the road — like, say, a recession or historic inflation. According to Charles Schwab's 2024 Modern Wealth Survey, Americans who have a written financial plan feel more in control of their finances compared with those without a plan.
Once your basic needs and short-term goals have been addressed, a financial plan can also help you tackle big-picture goals. Thoughtful investing, for example, can help build generational wealth, and careful estate planning can ensure that wealth gets passed down to your loved ones.
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